Are you one of those who desire to earn your PhD abroad in Europe, but are worried about the high cost of tuition in most European countries? Do you know that some European universities offer low-cost or even tuition-free PhD studies? Yes, you read that right and they maintain quality as well. There are some destinations in Europe for low-cost PhD study with prestigious universities where you can gain world-class research experience and still have enough money to live your life to the fullest as a PhD student.
While pursuing a PhD abroad significantly increases academic and career perspectives, many students filter out most countries due to high tuition fees and living costs. However, several European countries offer low-cost or even free PhD education or at least affordable living costs. This overview of European countries with the cheapest PhD study options, at least in terms of tuition fees, creates a detailed understanding of funding opportunities and eligibility.
In this guide, we’ll reveal the cheapest countries in Europe for PhD study, where you can pursue your doctoral degree with minimal financial burden. From tuition-free options to countries with generous funding opportunities, these locations will help you achieve your academic dreams without drowning in debt. Let’s explore where you can study affordably while enjoying the rich culture and academic excellence Europe has to offer!
Criteria for Selection
When selecting the best destinations in Europe for low-cost PhD study, several key criteria must be considered to ensure a fulfilling academic experience. These criteria include the availability of funding opportunities, the reputation of the institution, the language of instruction, research facilities, and the overall cost of living in the destination.
The low-cost PhD destinations are selected based on three criteria.
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Low Tuition Fee
This criterion involves identifying countries where the tuition fees for a PhD program are either free or very low. The selection includes those European countries that offer free or significantly reduced tuition fees for international PhD candidates
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High-quality Education
This aspect focuses on choosing countries that boast high educational standards. The countries that host some of the world’s top universities, as indicated by the QS World University Rankings, are prioritized.
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Safety
It is about selecting the countries where people feel safe. The countries with the highest safety index or lowest crime rate are selected.
Top European Countries for Low-Cost PhD Study
When considering low-cost options for pursuing a PhD in Europe, several countries stand out due to their affordable tuition fees, high-quality education, and supportive research environments. Among these, Germany is prominent for its numerous tuition-free programs, while the Netherlands is recognized for its relatively affordable PhD programs taught in English.
As is increasingly the preference of many students, you may consider the possibility of pursuing your studies free of charge without incurring significant expenses in Germany, France, Finland, Sweden, or Norway, all of which host prestigious institutions. These countries provide generous funding opportunities for international students, making them attractive destinations for academic pursuits.
#1. Germany
Germany is a very popular destination for international students. There are many reasons for this popularity, including free tuition fees for all nationalities, outstanding research opportunities, and the chance to learn German. In the 2025 QS World University Rankings, about 5 German universities made it to the top 100, with the Technical University of Munich at 28th, Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität München at 59th, and Universität Heidelberg at 84th, Freie Universitaet Berlin at 94th, and RWTH Aachen University at 99th.
Public universities in Germany do not charge tuition fees for international students and even private institutions have relatively low tuition fees compared to other European countries. Most German universities are research-oriented institutions, and there are many opportunities for academic staff and PhD candidates to join in various research projects. Moreover, Germany has a strong economy and its students enjoy a high living standard.
Beyond academia, Germany also has a lot to offer in terms of culture and history. German cities such as Berlin is known for its currywurst museum and innovative algorithm startups while Munich is famous for hosting the annual Oktoberfest beer festival. The costs of living for students outside major cities such as Munich and Frankfurt are bearable and in all, Germany is a great destination for PhD studies.
#2. France
France, the country of cheese, croissants, and the Eiffel Tower, is well known for its romanticism. It may also be better known as the country with the best architectural history and sophistication in Europe. On the other hand, it is known as the country with the best gastronomy and wine. PhD in France has a minimal tuition fee that ranges between USD 380–800 per year and public universities do not charge tuition fees, and thus you can study for free.
France is home to over 10 universities listed among the top 200 in the QS World University Rankings 2025, with Université PSL and Ecole Polytechnique making it to the top of the list. To get into public universities, you will need to speak French, which may give you headaches in the beginning, but learning this popular romantic language might be worth it. The French government also provides a significant number of scholarships annually. If you already have an admission letter from one of the French universities, you could apply for the Eiffel Excellence Scholarship, which is a competitive scholarship program.
Living in France could be costly; however, it is also a country where you can find cheap accommodations and low-cost foods. Cities like Lyon, Toulouse, and Paris, are among the top cities for students due to their affordable tuition rates and the presence of numerous internationally esteemed universities.
#3. Sweden
For a high-quality European destination to pursue a PhD study at a low cost, Sweden is an ideal option. Education is free for EU or EEA citizens in Sweden. Besides, higher education institutions in Sweden are publicly funded and offer free education to all, including non-EU citizens with some scholarship opportunities to cover living costs. PhD programs are seen as full-time jobs in Sweden which makes it easier to study effectively and live on a budget while living in Sweden.
More than 3 Swedish universities are represented within the global top 100 in the QS World University Rankings 2025. At present, 37 universities are located in Sweden, and universities at Uppsala, Lund, and Göteborg are among the eight oldest universities in northern Europe. A student in Sweden also must have a residence permit for studies if he/she has been accepted to a higher education institution in Sweden and intends to study for more than three months. There are about 30 or more national recreational parks in Sweden where international students can stay and rejuvenate.
#4. Norway
Norway is known for its pristine landscapes; towering cliffs in the west, snowy mountains in the north, and beautiful fjords, but also for its commitment to equality. With the highest per capita income globally and strong investments in education and research, no tuition fees are imposed at Norwegian state universities, and offers generous Living Cost Support for your PhD project, making it a financially viable option for those pursuing a PhD. This accessibility, combined with the country’s commitment to research and innovation, creates a thriving intellectual atmosphere for doctoral candidates.
This environment is further enhanced by the availability of numerous funding opportunities and scholarships specifically designed for international PhD students. These financial resources not only help alleviate the burden of tuition fees but also support living expenses. Many universities in Norway have established partnerships with various organizations that provide additional funding, enhancing the support available to students. This allows for a diverse range of funding options that can significantly reduce the financial burden of pursuing a PhD.
#5. Finland
Finland is increasingly recognized as a prime destination for low-cost PhD studies with tuition fees completely free for all PhD students, offering a unique blend of high-quality education, innovative research opportunities, and an attractive living environment. The country’s universities are known for their strong emphasis on research and collaboration with industry, making it an ideal setting for aspiring PhD candidates.
The cost of living in Finland is relatively affordable compared to other Western European countries, allowing students to manage their expenses effectively while pursuing their academic goals. This affordability can be attributed to various factors, including the availability of student discounts, subsidized housing, and the overall competitive nature of the Finnish education system which aims to attract international students.
#6. Italy
Italy offers a rich academic tradition combined with affordable living costs, making it an attractive destination for international PhD students. This combination makes Italy an ideal choice for those who want to pursue advanced studies without incurring significant debt. Renowned universities such as the University of Bologna and Sapienza University of Rome are among the top 100 in the QS World University Rankings 2025 and offer a wide range of PhD programs in various fields, often at lower tuition rates compared to other Western European countries.
#7. Spain
Spain offers low-cost education opportunities, and its quality education systems include 76 universities with 699 doctoral programs. The number of foreign students studying in Spain has significantly expanded. Spain remains one of the European countries with the most affordable PhD studies offering free PhD education in state universities.
In general, Spain boasts affordable living costs (though prices are rising in popular cities like Madrid and Barcelona), a warm climate, and varied landscapes to explore. This contributes to the low-cost entertainment and a quick study break. Spain is also home to top-ranked universities, all of which are no doubt proud of their extensive lists of scholarships, offering financial aid and discounts for new doctoral students. Note that it would be smart to kick off your Spanish language learning before departure.
#8. Netherlands
Considered to be one of the best locations in Europe for education, the Netherlands is home to over 12 universities ranked in the top 500 universities globally. There are three foremost research universities – Leiden University, Utrecht University, and University of Groningen – and four other research universities that are independent and design their courses. Almost half of the courses offered in the Netherlands are in English. With the low-cost fees for non-EU student PhD courses, the Netherlands comes in the list of best low-cost countries for pursuing PhD courses along with Finand and Sweden.
Most courses in the Netherlands are researched-based, however, it also offers professional doctorates in collaboration with professional institutes or organizations. Doctorate degrees in the Netherlands take four years and applicants are required to submit a research proposal besides having a Master’s degree.
Europe offers a diverse range of low-cost PhD study destinations that meet the needs of prospective PhD scholars while also offering enriching cultural experiences. These destinations not only provide affordable tuition fees but also offer a vibrant academic community and networking opportunities. Remember, choosing the right location for a PhD can significantly enhance your personal and professional growth.
